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Tuesday 18 December 2007
AS Exercise Physiolology Exam Questions and Answers - Set One
This is for all A-Level students. You can use this blog to prepare for the re-take in January or secure your understanding of the unit you are currently doing.
I will post questions every two days.
I will post questions every two days.
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The knee joint plays an important role in many sporting activities.
a) Draw a diagram to show the location of the following structures within a knee joint:
i - menisci
ii - cruciate ligaments
iii - hyaline (articular) cartilage.(4 marks)
b) Give a brief description of the structure and function of two of these components. (4 marks)
c)Explain the meaning of the term Hypo-Kinetic disorder and identify three such disorders. (4 marks)
d) Identify a method of training and explain how exercise can specifically benefit two of the disorders that you have identified.
(6 marks)
e) The shape and function of skeletal muscle vary. Select two different shaped muscles and explain how their shape supports their specific function. (4 marks)
f) Fast twitch fibres are divided into two types, IIa and IIb. Identify the major functional characteristic between these sub groups. (2 marks)
g) In what sporting activities would the adaptation of fast twitch (type IIb) to type IIa fibres be relevant to a sportsperson? (1 mark)
h) What types of training would cause the adaptation of fast twitch (type IIb) to type IIa fibres? (1 mark)
B,the cruciate ligaments are strong non-elastic tissue that connect bone to bone. the function is to prevent unwanted movement of the knee joint.
the hyaline cartilage is found at joints and covers the ends of the bones. this is a slippery surface which prevents the bones from wearing each other down, and it also produces synovial fluid.
C, Hypo-kinetic disorder is diseases that develop partly due to insufficient exercise, and result in a marked lack of physical mobility
e.g.-osteoporosis and obesity.
D,training regime for osteoporosis could be progressive interval weight training. effects-increase in bone density, hence increase in body strength.
for obesity-continous aerobic training operating in the fat burning zone and effects decrease in body fat, increase in lean body mass therefore increase in muscle tone and strengthening of joints.
E, skeletal muscles have a striped appearence, due to the microscopic fibres( called myofibrils),skeletal muscles consist of belly heads and tendons.e.g abdominals- group of muscles providing support for the front of the abdominal wall and for flexing the spine also known as recus abdominus.2, deltoid, triangular muscle split into 3 sections, front middle back, causes abduction, flexion, extension and rotation of the shoulder.
salih
thanks for posting Salih. I will give the others another couple of days before I post the answers.
wheres the next set of questions. salih
They will be on in the morning. Just waiting for the rest to get sorted!
Sorry for the delay......
a)i - menisci ii - cruciate ligaments iii - hyaline (articular) cartilage.(4 marks)
(see diagram below)
b) Give a brief description of the structure and function of two of these components. (4 marks)
-hyaline cartilage: to prevent friction of joint action. firm, whitish, flexible connective tissue.
Hyaline cartilage consists of a slimy mass of a firm consistency and is found on the end of the bone. its lubricated surface helps nourish and protect rubbing of bones/joint action.
-cruciate ligaments: to attach muscle to bone
a short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.
a membranous fold that supports an organ and keeps it in position.
ligaments stabilize the knee in a rotational fashion.
c)Explain the meaning of the term Hypo-Kinetic disorder and identify three such disorders. (4 marks)
a hypokentic disorder is a disease in which there are abnormal body movements.this is caused by a lack of exercise.
examples are:
obesity
osteoporosis
heart disease
d) Identify a method of training and explain how exercise can specifically benefit two of the disorders that you have identified.(6 marks)
obesity-weight training. light weights but more reps. losing weight eventually, fat burning training, running at a specific heart rate(fat burning heart rate).
e) The shape and function of skeletal muscle vary. Select two different shaped muscles and explain how their shape supports their specific function. (4 marks)
quadrilateral /unipennate /bipennate /multipennate /fusiform /parallel(longitudenal) /triangular muscle
fusiform: long and very powerful due to big muscle group. semi-membronosis
pindle-like shape that is wide in the middle and tapers at both ends
bipenate:short and strong contraction. biceps brachilis
fibers converge to both sides of a central tendon;
f) Fast twitch fibres are divided into two types, IIa and IIb. Identify the major functional characteristic between these sub groups. (2 marks)
-slow twitch fibre. slow and steady movement of muscles contractions. uses oxygen as main energy source.
-pure glycogenic twitch fibre. rapid movement of contraction of muscle for very short period of time. uses atp/pc as main energy source
(fast glycogenic twitch)
g) In what sporting activities would the adaptation of fast twitch (type IIb) to type IIa fibres be relevant to a sportsperson? (1 mark) 100m sprinter. using creatine for explosive start. much quicker and more rapid than lactic acid use. the more creatine used the faster the sprinter will be.
h) What types of training would cause the adaptation of fast twitch (type IIb) to type IIa fibres? (1 mark)
interval training. for instance 10 x 100 meters x 3 sets. 1 minute rest between each set. eventually, body will lose o2 and creatine sources making it rely on lactic acid as main energy source as the body will be using the waste products in the sarcomere reticulum for movement.
brusk.
b) Cruciate Ligaments- join the bones of the joint. strong, inelastic tissue. They strengthen and support the knee, minimising unwated movement eg from side to side.
Hyaline Cartilage- smoothe solid tissue that covers the ends of the bones, preventing the bones from rubbing together, providing lubrication in the join and offering some shock absorbtion.
c)Hypokinetic disorders- diseases that develop partly due to insufficient exercise and result in a marked lack of physical mobility.
Obesity, Lordosis, Osteoarthritis
d)Obesity- continuoous training, burns calories and reduces the anount of body fat in the body.
Osteoarthritis- flexibility training, increases range of movement at affected joint/s and reduces pain
e)bipennate- long shape with muscle fanning from on both sides from one tendon makes them very strong with a limitied range. this is useful for their function which is for strong movements in one plane
fusiform-long shape aloows then to perform a large range of movement very quickly
f)type IIa uses the lactic acid system, type IIb uses CP system. type IIb reacts faster and fatigues faster. type IIb more powerful and faster contraction
g)in speed strength and power activities, for example 100m sprint
h)high intensity training such as interval training, strngth training or circuit training
Lucie
ANSWERS TO SET ONE QUESTIONS
b) Give a brief description of the structure and function of two of these components. (4 marks)
Answer
Menisci :
Extra layers of fibro cartilage / disc-shaped flattened at edges / tough, slightly flexible mass of fibres.
*Evens out irregularities between knee joint bones.
*Deepens knee joint socket to give greater stability.
Cruciate ligaments :
Consist of bundles of white fibrous tissue that cross over within the knee joint to secure tibia and femur during knee movements.
Hyaline cartilage :
Consists of smooth bluish-white solid yet resilient matrix which prevents bones from rubbing together, allows freedom at joint ends, absorbs impact.
(c) Explain the meaning of the term Hypo-Kinetic disorder and identify three such disorders.
(4 marks)
Answer
Definition :
Musculo-skeletal / cardio-vascular / respiratory disorders brought about predominantly through a lack of exercise.
Disorders :
*Obesity / overweight.
*Osteoarthitis – damage to joint structures.
*Osteoporosis.
*Athersclerosis – high levels of blood fat / cholesterol.
*Coronary heart disease.
*Hypertension or high blood pressure.
*Postural defects.
d) Identify a method of training and explain how exercise can specifically benefit two of the disorders that you have identified.
(6 marks)
Answer
Obesity / overweight :
*Continuous training of at least 20 minutes duration within the fat burning zone i.e. between 55-65% of HRmax..
*Increase in muscle tone (fat hungry).
*Negative energy balance = decrease in body fat.
Osteoarthritis :
*Interval weight training / flexibility training.
*Builds up the strength of supporting structures / connective tissue (ligament, cartilage, muscle, tendon).
*Increase in synovial fluid production.
*Increases range of movement at joint sites.
Osteoporosis :
*Interval weight training / similar.
*Regular and progressive stress at around 60% of IRM.
*Results in greater density and bone strength.
Atherosclerosis :
*Continuous / similar for at least 20 minutes duration.
*Regular medium to high density exercise assists in quicker fat breakdown and less build up of deposits.
*Reduction in low density lipoproteins(LDL).
*Increase in high density lipoproteins (HDL) (cardiac protective proteins).
*Reduction in circulating levels of triglycerides.
Coronary heart disease :
*None until GP has given consent to start exercise programme.
*Then cardiac rehabilitation programme.
*Example: Continuous walking on a treadmill.
*Very gentle continuous swimming.
*Strength of heart increases.
*Myocardial and vascular blood flow improves.
*Assists in preventing blockages and reduces stiffening of vessels.
Hypertension :
*Again continuous low intensity training.
*Between 55-65% of HRmax.
*Strength of heart increases.
*Myocardial and vascular blood flow improves.
*Assists in preventing blockages and reduces stiffening of vessels.
Postural defects :
*Core stability interval training building up aerobic resistance in postural musculature.
*Balance between agonist and antagonist muscles.
e) The shape and function of skeletal muscle vary. Select two different shaped muscles and explain how their shape supports their specific function.(4 marks)
Answer
Fusiform shape :
Example : biceps brachii.
Specific function : large fast movement range.
Not very powerful.
Pennate shape :
Example : pectoralis major.
Specific function: limited range of movement
Very strong.
f)
Fast twitch fibres are divided into two types, IIa and IIb. Identify the major functional characteristic between these sub groups.
2 marks
Answer
Type IIb fibres have a high capacity for glycolytic release of energy (known as FG).
Type IIa fibres utilise both aerobic and anaerobic energy sources (known as FOG).
g) In what sporting activities would the adaptation of fast twitch (type IIb) to type IIa fibres be relevant to a sportsperson? (1 mark)
Answer
Endurance-based events, such as middle distance running.
h) What types of training would cause the adaptation of fast twitch (type IIb) to type IIa fibres? (1 mark)
Answer
Interval training that stresses both aerobic and anaerobic energy production.
Example: 4 x 2000 metres.
A good website that comtains information on most of the work covered in class is:
http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/104/14/1694
Sorry didn't post answers for questions spent the weeked completing the past papers; only just found the time. Spending most of the time revising parts in the past papers that i have been unable to answer.
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